{"id":2511,"date":"2023-01-26T14:43:41","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T14:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/963-2\/"},"modified":"2025-04-05T20:00:38","modified_gmt":"2025-04-05T20:00:38","slug":"963-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/fr\/963-2\/","title":{"rendered":"La r\u00e9forme agraire et l’urbanisme \u00e9gyptien"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Juillet 1952 : un tournant dans l’histoire politique de l’\u00c9gypte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Juillet 1952, une date marquante dans les transformations politiques de l’\u00c9gypte. C’est l’une des rares occasions o\u00f9 la politique publique de l’\u00c9tat \u00e9gyptien est pass\u00e9e d’un extr\u00eame \u00e0 l’autre, contrairement \u00e0 un simple changement de la t\u00eate du r\u00e9gime et \u00e0 la continuation des politiques existantes.<\/p>\n

Le mouvement de juillet a annonc\u00e9 la transition du r\u00e9gime monarchique au r\u00e9publicain, porteur d’id\u00e9es socialistes ou ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9 le \u00ab socialisme arabe \u00bb, un principe qui a guid\u00e9 l’\u00c9tat jusqu’au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1970. Quelle que soit la d\u00e9nomination de cette exp\u00e9rience, elle fait partie des plus influentes qui ont marqu\u00e9 directement l’urbanisme \u00e9gyptien, dont l’impact a non seulement perdur\u00e9 jusqu’au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1970, mais continue d’influencer jusqu’\u00e0 aujourd’hui.<\/p>\n

L’urbanisme dans les ann\u00e9es 50 et 60 : un mod\u00e8le populaire et industriel<\/strong><\/p>\n

L’urbanisme \u00e9gyptien des ann\u00e9es 50 et 60 se caract\u00e9risait par une pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour le logement des classes populaires. Ainsi, l\u2019accent \u00e9tait mis sur le logement social et industriel, les deux mod\u00e8les touchant directement le secteur majoritaire de la population, et qui \u00e9taient sous la responsabilit\u00e9 directe du secteur public. Durant les ann\u00e9es 50, l\u2019urbanisme a \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9 par plusieurs facteurs, tels que les politiques de nationalisation mises en place par le gouvernement de juillet, ainsi que les lois successives de r\u00e9duction des loyers.<\/p>\n

Les lois de r\u00e9forme agraire : une transition sociale et \u00e9conomique<\/strong><\/p>\n

Une des pierres angulaires de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience socialiste de cette p\u00e9riode fut la loi de r\u00e9forme agraire, qui visait \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser une justice sociale parmi les \u00c9gyptiens. Ces lois ont permis au r\u00e9gime de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d\u2019un large soutien populaire apr\u00e8s que la rue s\u2019\u00e9tait oppos\u00e9e aux politiques f\u00e9odales avant les ann\u00e9es 50, o\u00f9 environ 10 000 propri\u00e9taires (soit 6% des propri\u00e9taires) contr\u00f4laient pr\u00e8s de 35% des terres agricoles.<\/p>\n

Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2017 \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 d\u2019agriculture de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Ain Shams, portant sur la distribution des terres agricoles entre le recensement agricole de 1929 et 2010, a utilis\u00e9 l\u2019indice de Gini pour mesurer l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 de cette distribution. Cet indice, qui varie de 0 \u00e0 1, repr\u00e9sente la distribution id\u00e9ale lorsqu’il est \u00e9gal \u00e0 0. Une valeur proche de 1 repr\u00e9sente une grande in\u00e9galit\u00e9. En 1929, l\u2019indice \u00e9tait de 0,892, il est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 0,783 en 1930 et \u00e0 0,733 en 1950, des chiffres proches de 1, indiquant une mauvaise distribution des terres agricoles. Apr\u00e8s les lois de r\u00e9forme agraire, cet indice a chut\u00e9 \u00e0 0,597 en 1960, \u00e0 0,532 en 1980, et \u00e0 0,582 en 1990.<\/p>\n

Les limites des lois de r\u00e9forme agraire<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cependant, que sont devenues ces lois de r\u00e9forme agraire ? L\u2019absence d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme pour soutenir ces lois a fini par nuire \u00e0 leur efficacit\u00e9. Bien que la loi ait vis\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9partir les terres, il n\u2019y avait pas de m\u00e9canisme pour pr\u00e9server la valeur des terres ni pour emp\u00eacher leur changement d\u2019usage. \u00c0 long terme, la r\u00e9partition des terres agricoles a conduit \u00e0 des petites exploitations qui se sont transmises par h\u00e9ritage, d\u00e9gradant ainsi leur taille au fil des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. En 1950, il y avait environ un million d\u2019exploitations agricoles, avec une moyenne de 6,13 feddans par exploitation. Dans les ann\u00e9es 70, ce nombre a augment\u00e9 \u00e0 2,8 millions d\u2019exploitations, avec une moyenne de 2,06 feddans.<\/p>\n

L\u2019impact de la fragmentation des terres sur l’urbanisme<\/strong><\/p>\n

La fragmentation des terres agricoles a eu un impact direct sur l’urbanisme \u00e9gyptien. Cette situation a favoris\u00e9 l\u2019expansion non planifi\u00e9e des zones urbaines qui se sont \u00e9tendues sur les terres agricoles p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques. En raison de l’absence de planification urbaine pour int\u00e9grer l\u2019augmentation d\u00e9mographique, une grande partie des migrants internes se sont install\u00e9s dans les zones p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques des villes et dans des zones comme les cimeti\u00e8res. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne a \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement marqu\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion du Caire, qui a vu une croissance annuelle de 4,4 % de sa population de 1960 \u00e0 1970. Parall\u00e8lement, les prix des terrains urbains ont fortement augment\u00e9, tandis que ceux des terres agricoles demeuraient relativement bas.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la fragmentation des terres : l\u2019agriculture collective<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le gouvernement \u00e9gyptien a tent\u00e9 de r\u00e9soudre la fragmentation des terres par des initiatives telles que la consolidation des exploitations agricoles dans les ann\u00e9es 60, visant \u00e0 regrouper les petites exploitations en plus grandes unit\u00e9s tout en pr\u00e9servant la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e. Cependant, ce projet a \u00e9chou\u00e9 en raison du manque de planification et de l\u2019implication des int\u00e9r\u00eats politiques dans la planification agricole.<\/p>\n

Le mod\u00e8le japonais : une inspiration pour l\u2019\u00c9gypte<\/strong><\/p>\n

Une solution possible \u00e0 la fragmentation des terres pourrait s\u2019inspirer du mod\u00e8le japonais, o\u00f9 apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les grandes propri\u00e9t\u00e9s fonci\u00e8res ont \u00e9t\u00e9 redistribu\u00e9es sous forme d\u2019actions dans des entreprises agricoles. Ces actions \u00e9taient transmissibles par h\u00e9ritage, permettant ainsi aux exploitants de conserver une forme de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sans avoir \u00e0 diviser les terres en petites parcelles.<\/p>\n

Une solution similaire pourrait \u00eatre mise en place en \u00c9gypte, en regroupant les petites exploitations agricoles sous forme d’actions, avec les coop\u00e9ratives agricoles jouant un r\u00f4le central dans la gestion et la redistribution de ces terres.<\/p>\n

Solutions et recommandations pour l\u2019avenir de l\u2019urbanisme et de l\u2019agriculture en \u00c9gypte<\/strong><\/p>\n

En ce qui concerne l\u2019urbanisme, la solution passe par une meilleure planification des extensions urbaines, en prenant en compte les besoins actuels et futurs des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, en particulier dans les zones rurales o\u00f9 l\u2019espace pour l\u2019expansion est limit\u00e9. De plus, l\u2019application stricte de la l\u00e9gislation interdisant la construction sur des terres agricoles doit \u00eatre accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9tudes sociales approfondies sur l’\u00e9tat du milieu rural en \u00c9gypte. Il est \u00e9galement n\u00e9cessaire de renforcer les politiques de cr\u00e9ation de nouvelles villes et communaut\u00e9s urbaines, et de r\u00e9tablir l\u2019\u00e9quilibre entre la production de logements \u00e9conomiques et les autres cat\u00e9gories de logements.<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, les lois de r\u00e9forme agraire ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place sans une vision strat\u00e9gique \u00e0 long terme, ce qui a conduit \u00e0 une mauvaise gestion des terres agricoles et \u00e0 une urbanisation non planifi\u00e9e. La cl\u00e9 r\u00e9side dans la mise en place d\u2019un cadre juridique solide et d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme pour garantir l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 sociale et la durabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Juillet 1952 : un tournant dans l’histoire politique de l’\u00c9gypte Juillet 1952, une date marquante dans les transformations politiques de l’\u00c9gypte. C’est l’une des rares occasions o\u00f9 la politique publique de l’\u00c9tat \u00e9gyptien est pass\u00e9e d’un extr\u00eame \u00e0 l’autre, contrairement \u00e0 un simple changement de la t\u00eate du r\u00e9gime et \u00e0 la continuation des politiques […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1490,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"map":"","pdf":"","cover":"","state":"","city":"","_field_43233":"","_field_4327777":"","qdate":0,"cases_count":"","mashro":"","field_31684":[],"_field_43349":"","qlink":"","statusx":"","typex":"","yearx":"","numx":"","relnumx":"","relyearx":"","reltypex":"","relfield_31685":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"capqanon":[],"mapcap":[],"authors":[],"class_list":["post-2511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-les-analyses"],"yoast_head":"\nLa r\u00e9forme agraire et l'urbanisme \u00e9gyptien - \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/963-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La r\u00e9forme agraire et l'urbanisme \u00e9gyptien\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Juillet 1952 : un tournant dans l’histoire politique de l’\u00c9gypte Juillet 1952, une date marquante dans les transformations politiques de l’\u00c9gypte. 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