{"id":2510,"date":"2023-01-26T14:43:41","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T14:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/963-2\/"},"modified":"2025-04-05T17:19:54","modified_gmt":"2025-04-05T17:19:54","slug":"963-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/en\/963-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Agrarian Reform and Egyptian Urbanism: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future"},"content":{"rendered":"

July 1952: A Turning Point in Egypt’s Political Transformations<\/strong><\/p>\n

July 1952 is a date that marked a significant turning point in Egypt\u2019s political history. It was one of the few occasions when the state\u2019s public policy shifted radically, not just through a change in the head of the regime but through a complete transformation in its direction, as opposed to the mere continuation of existing policies.<\/p>\n

The July Revolution announced the transition from a monarchy to a republic, ushering in a period characterized by socialist ideas, or what was called “Arab socialism,” which would remain the guiding framework of the state until the early 1970s. Regardless of the label given to this experience, it remains one of the most significant periods that directly affected Egyptian urban development. The impact of this era didn\u2019t just last until the early 1970s; it continues to shape Egypt to this day.<\/p>\n

The urban development of Egypt in the 1950s and 1960s was marked by a focus on housing for low-income groups. Accordingly, there was an emphasis on popular housing and industrial housing\u2014two types of housing that directly affected the largest segment of the population and were directly overseen by the public sector. Additionally, Egyptian urban development in the 1950s was influenced by several factors, such as the nationalization policies pursued by the July government and the successive laws aimed at reducing rental prices.<\/p>\n

When discussing the urban planning of the July era, one must first highlight one of the state\u2019s key pillars at the time: the land reform laws. These laws aimed to achieve social justice among Egyptians. They earned widespread popular support for the ruling regime, especially after the streets had been filled with discontent over feudal policies prior to the 1950s. Around 10,000 landowners (6% of the landowners) controlled approximately 35% of the agricultural land in Egypt.<\/p>\n

A study conducted in 2017 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, examined the distribution of agricultural land from the first agricultural census in 1929 to 2010, using the Gini coefficient to measure the equity of distribution. The Gini coefficient ranges from zero to one, where zero represents the most equitable distribution and one represents the least. The Gini coefficient was 0.892 in 1929, 0.783 in 1930, and 0.733 in 1950\u2014figures close to one, indicating significant inequality in land distribution. After the implementation of land reform laws, the Gini coefficient dropped to 0.597 in 1960, 0.532 in 1980, and 0.582 in 1990.<\/p>\n

However, what did the land reform laws leave behind?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The existence of laws without a proper framework for enforcement renders them ineffective and may even lead to more harm than good. This was the case with the land reform laws, which were enacted in four stages, starting in 1952 with Law No. 178, followed by Law No. 24 in 1958, Law No. 127 in 1961, and Law No. 50 in 1969. Initially, these laws limited individual land ownership to 200 acres, with an additional 200 acres for the rest of the family. Over time, the ownership cap was reduced to 50 acres per individual and 50 acres for the family.<\/p>\n

The land reform laws aimed to redistribute land but lacked mechanisms to preserve the land’s value and its intended use. Over time, agricultural land was passed down through inheritance, leading to fragmented holdings. By 1950, the total number of holdings was around 1 million, with an average of 6.13 acres per holding. By the mid-1970s, the number of holdings had increased to 2.8 million, with the average holding size decreasing to 2.06 acres. Additionally, small holdings (less than one acre) which were rare in the first half of the 20th century, reached 26.4% in the 1960s, rising to 32.3% in the 1980s, 36.1% in the 1990s, and 43.5% in the 2000s. By 2010, the percentage had reached 48.29%.<\/p>\n

The fragmentation of land holdings was one of the factors contributing to the alteration of agricultural land use. The land reform laws were implemented without proper safeguards to prevent the abuse of their intended purpose. At the same time, the industrial movement in the 1960s led to one of the largest internal migrations in Egypt\u2019s history, particularly to the Greater Cairo region, which became the primary destination for migrants. Between the early 1960s and mid-1960s, Cairo\u2019s population growth rate reached 4.4% annually.<\/p>\n

In the absence of long-term planning to accommodate this migration, many migrants settled in the outskirts of cities, historical areas, and graveyard courtyards. Another segment, with better purchasing power, bought agricultural land on the outskirts of cities and began building on it illegally. The General Organization for Urban Planning reported that Egypt witnessed significant unplanned expansion after 1960, with around 23 areas in Greater Cairo experiencing this phenomenon.<\/p>\n

Thus, the impact of fragmented land ownership on Egyptian urban development appeared in two main ways. The first was the expansion of unplanned urban areas that encroached on agricultural land due to factors such as the lack of planning for the significant population increase, the dependence of rural families on inheritance, and the absence of desert lands to accommodate urban expansion in many villages. The second effect was the decline in agricultural productivity itself, as the land was divided into numerous small holdings. This fragmented distribution of land caused a loss of 12% of its area, or about 1 million acres in the Nile Delta and the valley.<\/p>\n

This fragmentation of agricultural holdings was identified as one of the key obstacles to development in the 2030 Agricultural Development Strategy. In the 1960s, the government attempted to address this issue through a program known as Agricultural Exploitation Consolidation, which aimed to consolidate small plots into larger units while maintaining individual ownership. However, this project faced difficulties as landowners were unwilling to adhere to the prescribed agricultural use.<\/p>\n

The issue of land use remained a contentious political tool, often used as electoral promises by politicians to legalize land ownership on agricultural land outside urban areas once they won elections.<\/p>\n

What is the solution now?<\/strong><\/p>\n

In Japan, after the fragmentation of agricultural land following World War II, the government bought land from large landowners and redistributed it to landless individuals. The government established small companies for each group of acres in which landowners participated by shares, with the shares being inheritable, not the land itself.<\/p>\n

A similar approach could be adopted in Egypt, where the solution to the fragmentation of land could involve consolidating small holdings into shares within small cooperative companies. These cooperatives would have the authority to purchase land if heirs wish to sell their shares, and they would manage the land by re-leasing or selling the shares. Cooperatives could play a pivotal role in spreading agricultural knowledge and helping farmers improve farming techniques.<\/p>\n

In terms of urban development, alongside the current ban on construction on agricultural land, it is essential to conduct accurate social studies of Egypt\u2019s rural areas and provide appropriate housing for current and future generations in light of the lack of desert land for urban expansion in many villages. The government should reactivate policies for establishing new cities and urban communities and restore balance between the production of affordable, medium, and high-end housing units.<\/p>\n

The land reform laws were enacted without proper future planning to protect the rights of future generations and achieve sustainability. The problem was not in the land reform laws themselves but in the absence of a correct mechanism to achieve social justice, as well as the rush to please the revolutionary sentiment in Egypt\u2019s streets. Both urban and rural areas have borne the cost of this.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

July 1952: A Turning Point in Egypt’s Political Transformations July 1952 is a date that marked a significant turning point in Egypt\u2019s political history. It was one of the few occasions when the state\u2019s public policy shifted radically, not just through a change in the head of the regime but through a complete transformation in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1489,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"map":"","pdf":"","cover":"","state":"","city":"","_field_43233":"","_field_4327777":"","qdate":0,"cases_count":"","mashro":"","field_31684":[],"_field_43349":"","qlink":"","statusx":"","typex":"","yearx":"","numx":"","relnumx":"","relyearx":"","reltypex":"","relfield_31685":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[83],"tags":[],"capqanon":[],"mapcap":[],"authors":[],"class_list":["post-2510","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"\nAgrarian Reform and Egyptian Urbanism: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future - \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/963-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Agrarian Reform and Egyptian Urbanism: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"July 1952: A Turning Point in Egypt’s Political Transformations July 1952 is a date that marked a significant turning point in Egypt\u2019s political history. 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