{"id":11679,"date":"2026-05-20T10:00:31","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T10:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/?p=11679"},"modified":"2026-04-29T08:58:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T08:58:34","slug":"cities-as-spaces-of-structural-inequality-the-gender-wage-gap-and-its-impact-on-womens-access-to-the-right-to-adequate-housing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diwanalomran.com\/en\/cities-as-spaces-of-structural-inequality-the-gender-wage-gap-and-its-impact-on-womens-access-to-the-right-to-adequate-housing\/","title":{"rendered":"Cities as Spaces of Structural Inequality: The Gender Wage Gap and Its Impact on Women\u2019s Access to the Right to Adequate Housing"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abstract<\/strong><\/h3>\n

This paper examines the structural relationship between the gender wage gap and housing affordability in Arab cities, as one of the key mechanisms through which urban exclusion of women is produced and reproduced, undermining their effective enjoyment of the right to adequate housing and the right to the city. The paper is grounded in the international human rights legal framework, which recognizes adequate housing as a fundamental right without discrimination and an integral component of the right to an adequate standard of living, as articulated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, as well as Human Rights Council resolutions and the guidelines on the implementation of the right to adequate housing.<\/p>\n

The paper emphasizes that the concept of adequate housing, from a human rights perspective, extends beyond the mere physical availability of shelter. It encompasses essential elements, foremost among them affordability, ensuring that housing costs do not compromise individuals\u2019 ability to enjoy their other fundamental rights. In this context, affordability acquires particular significance when analyzing the situation of women in urban settings, given the structural economic inequalities they face in the labor market, including wage disparities, limited participation in formal employment, and the disproportionate burden of unpaid care work.<\/p>\n

The paper is guided by the following central research question: how does the wage gap between women and men affect women\u2019s access to adequate housing in Arab cities? To address this question, the paper adopts a comparative analytical approach, examining the cases of Egypt and Tunisia, with a focus on urban contexts, women\u2019s labor market participation, gender income gaps, the evolution of housing and related service costs, and the implications for housing stability and security of tenure.<\/p>\n

The findings show that the wage gap between women and men is not merely a matter of income disparity, but a decisive factor in determining who can afford housing within cities. In Egypt, data indicate that the monthly income gap exceeds 20 percent in favor of men, while the \u201creal\u201d gap is even wider when accounting for women outside the labor market. This translates into a reduced relative capacity of women to access adequate housing, estimated at approximately 80 percent compared to men. In Tunisia, although the wage gap appears less pronounced, it remains structural and results in a relative reduction in women\u2019s capacity to afford housing to approximately 90.6 percent, within a context marked by steadily rising real estate prices and urban living costs.<\/p>\n

The paper further highlights that housing costs extend beyond rent or the price of housing units to include additional burdens related to basic services such as electricity, water, energy, and maintenance, as well as transportation costs associated with residing in areas distant from employment opportunities and services. These costs represent a higher proportion of women\u2019s income compared to men, increasing the risks of energy poverty, housing instability, and eviction, particularly among women-headed households or single-income families.<\/p>\n

The paper concludes that women\u2019s housing exclusion in Arab cities cannot be understood or addressed through ostensibly gender-neutral housing policies. Rather, it requires an integrated approach that links wage and labor policies, housing market regulation, social protection, and gender-responsive urban planning. Addressing the wage gap is a necessary condition for ensuring housing affordability and realizing women\u2019s right to adequate housing as an indivisible economic and social right, and as a core component of the right to the city.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Abstract This paper examines the structural relationship between the gender wage gap and housing affordability in Arab cities, as one of the key mechanisms through which urban exclusion of women is produced and reproduced, undermining their effective enjoyment of the right to adequate housing and the right to the city. 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